Nutritionist > Pig

Zearalenone
Zearalenone (F2) is produced by a strain of Fusarium gramearum and proliferates under hot, humid conditions in a variety of feedstuffs, but especially maize. It is an oestrogenic toxin and hence affects reproduction. Rectal and vaginal prolapses are also common symptoms in grow-finish animals.

Zearalenone is absorbed from the ration and is detected in the plasma for 5 days after the last administration either as Zearalenone or ?-Zearalenone. It is excreted in urine bound to glucuronic acid, as well as in faeces and influences reproductive function and reduces the activity of 3-alpha-hydroxysteroiddehydrogenase.

Zearalenone contamination may occur with DON with Gibberella ear rot in corn or scabby wheat, but is more likely to occur during storage of the grain rather than in the field.

Prepubertal gilts are most susceptible to contamination. Gilts and sows exhibit vulval reddening and swelling, while vaginal and rectal prolapses may also occur with zearalenone consumption. Irregular oestrous cycles and reduced litter sizes are also commonly observed. When fed 60-90 ppm zearalenone for the first 15 days post-mating, embryo development is stopped . Not only is the litter lost, but females often won't return to oestrus for several months.

Clinical effects/signs
The most striking clinical feature is the swollen, red vulva of gilts and sows. Reproductive performance is also affected and the consumption of zearalenone-contaminated feedstuffs results in the birth of small litters, as well as stillborn, splay-legged and weak piglets. Piglet birth weight is also variable, as blood flow within the uterus may be impaired. Semen quality is boars may also be affected. Clinical effects are listed below: